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Note 1:
DYS 19, above, is also known as DYS 394.
Note 2:
Y-DNA Haplogoups in green are confirmed by SNP analysis;
those in black are predicted by
Family Tree DNA from DYS
and other data.
The columns labeled 1 to 12 in the above table
represent the various markers or loci where "Short Tandem Repeat
(STR)" values were measured, with the DYS identification number for
each particular locus listed. Values are the total number of
repeats at each locus. The particular set of an individual's STR
repeat values is considered to be the "haplotype" for that
person. The Haplogroups in the table have been
predicted by Family Tree DNA based on unambiguous results in
the individual's Y-DNA Alleles....they are not derived from SNP tests.
The STR
marker DYS numbers labeled red
have shown a faster mutation rate than the average, and therefore these
markers are very helpful at splitting lineages into sub sets, or
branches, within a family tree.
Y-DNA
Haplogroup
Descriptions
Haplogroup R1b This is the most common haplogroup in European
populations.
It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans
re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago.
This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal
haplotype.
Haplogroup R1b1 This
is the most common haplogroup in European populations.
It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans
re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago.
This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal
haplotype.
Haplogoup I
This is a European haplogroup that dates to 23,000 years ago or longer,
representing nearly one-fifth of the present-day European population.
It is almost non-existent outside of Europe, suggesting that it arose
in Europe. Estimates of the age of haplogroup I indicate that it arose
prior to the last Glacial Maximum. Probably, it was confined to the
refuge in the Balkans during the last Ice Age, and then spread
northward during the recolonization of northern Europe following the
retreat of the glaciers. Lineages not
in
branches I1a, I1b or I1c are found distributed at low frequency
throughout Europe. The I, I1, and I1a lineages
are almost completely restricted to northwestern Europe.....these would
most likely have been common within Viking populations.
Haplogoup J2
This
lineage originated in the northern portion of the Fertile Crescent
where it later spread throughout central Asia, the Mediterranean, and
south into India. As with other populations with Mediterranean ancestry
this lineage is found within Jewish populations.
Haplogoup E3a
This haplogroup is an
African lineage. It is currently hypothesized that this haplogroup
dispersed south from northern Africa within the last 3,000 years, by
the Bantu agricultural expansion. E3a is also the most common lineage
among African Americans.
Haplogoup E3b
This haplogroup is believed to have evolved in the Middle East.
It
expanded into the Mediterranean during the Pleistocene Neolithic
expansion. It is currently distributed around the Mediterranean,
southern Europe, and in north and east Africa.
Bennett
Greenspan, President Family Tree DNA, wrote the following (2003):
"DYS 439 [#9] is the fastest moving marker in
the 12 marker set...so if we see a mutation it usually happens
there. #9 seems to have a faster mutation rate than the other
markers in the first 12...so we tend to expect to see more changes take
place on that marker. Remember a mutation always takes place
between a father and a son...and more likely between a father and his
last son(s) if the last child is born when dad is old. (Men's Y making
mechanism tend to wear out...with older age, and cause more mutations!)
Please read:
http://blairgenealogy.com/dna/dna101.html
It is obvious from our observation of 1000's of
samples that some markers change or mutate at a faster rate than
others. While that actual 'faster rate' has not yet been definitively
calculated, not all markers should be treated the same for evaluation
purposes.
Explained
another way, if you match exactly on all of the markers except for one
or a few of the markers we have determined mutate more quickly, then
despite the mutation this mismatch only slightly decreases the
probability of two people in your surname group who match 11/12 or even
23/25 of not sharing a recent common ancestor."
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